100 [UPADTED] SAP HANA Interview Questions and Answers pdf for Experienced Freshers

SAP HANA Interview Questions and Answers pdf for Experienced Freshers :-

1. What are the different types of replication techniques?
There are 3 types of replication techniques:
1. SAP Landscape Transformation (SLT)
2. SAP Business Objects Data Services (BODS)
3. SAP HANA Direct Extractor Connection (DXC)
Note: There is one more replication technique called Sybase replication. It was part of initial offering for HANA replication, but not positioned / supported anymore due to licensing issues and complexity and mostly because SLT provides the same features.

2. What is SLT?
The SAP Landscape Transformation (LT) Replication Server is the SAP technology that allows us to load and replicate data in real-time from SAP source systems and non-SAP source systems to an SAP HANA environment.
The SAP LT Replication Server uses a trigger-based replication approach to pass data from the source system to the target system.
HANA Overview

3. What is the advantage of SLT replication?
Advantages:
1. SAP LT uses trigger based approach. Trigger-based approach has no measureable performance impact in source system.
2. It provides transformation and filtering capability.
3. It allows real-time (and scheduled) data replication, replicating only relevant data into HANA from SAP and non-SAP source systems.
4. It is fully integrated with HANA Studio.
5. Replication from multiple source systems to one HANA system is allowed, also from one source system to multiple HANA systems.

4. Is it possible to use a replication for multiple sources and target SAP HANA systems?
Yes, the SAP LT Replication Server supports both 1:N replication and and N:1 replication.
Multiple source system can be connected to one SAP HANA system.
One source system can be connected to multiple SAP HANA systems. Limited to 1:4 only.

5. Is there any pre-requisite before creating the configuration and replication?
For SAP source systems:
DMIS add-on must be installed in SLT replication server.
An RFC connection between the SAP source system and the SAP LT Replication Server has to be established.
User for RFC connection must have the role IUUC_REPL_REMOTE assigned.
Do not use a DDIC user for RFC connection.
For non-SAP source systems:
DMIS add-on is not required.
A database user has to be created with appropriate authorizations in advance and establish the database connection by using transaction DBCO in the SAP LT Replication Server.
Ensure the database-specific library components for the SAP 7.20 REL or EXT kernel are installed in the SAP LT Replication Server.

6. What is Configuration and Monitoring Dashboard?
It is an application that runs on SLT replication server to specify configuration information (such as source system, target system, and relevant connections) so that data can be replicated.
It can also use it to monitor the replication status (transaction LTR).
Status Yellow: It may occur due to triggers which are not yet created successfully.
Status Red: It may occur if master job is aborted (manually in transaction SM37).

7. What is advanced replication settings (transaction IUUC_REPL_CONT)?
The Advanced Settings (transaction IUUC_REPL_CONT) allows you to define and change various table settings for a configuration such as:
Partitioning and structure changes for target tables in HANA
Table-specific transformation and filter rules
Adjusting the number of jobs (and reading type) to accelerate the load/replication process

8. What is Latency?
It is the length of time to replicate data (a table entry) from the source system to the target system.

9. What is logging table?
A table in the source system that records any changes to a table that is being replicated. This ensures that SLT replication server can replicate these changes to the target system.

10. What are Transformation rules?
A rule specified in the Advanced Replication settings transaction for source tables such that data is transformed during the replication process. Example you can specify rule to
Convert fields
Fill empty fields
Skip records

11. What happens when you set-up a new configuration?
When a new configuration in the SAP LT Replication Server is created, the database connection is automatically created along with a schema GUID and Mass transfer id (MT_ID).
A schema GUID ensures that configurations with the same schema name can be created.
The Mass transfer ID is used in the naming of SLT jobs and the system can uniquely identify a schema.
The mapping of mass transfer IDs and related schema are stored in the SLT control table DMC_MT_HEADER in the SAP LT Replication Server.

12. What are the jobs involved in replication process?
Following jobs are involved in replication process:
1. Master Job (IUUC_MONITOR_<MT_ID>)
2. Master Controlling Job (IUUC_REPLIC_CNTR_<MT_ID>)
3. Data Load Job (DTL_MT_DATA_LOAD_<MT_ID>_<2digits>)
4.Migration Object Definition Job (IUUC_DEF_MIG_OBJ_<2digits>)
5.Access Plan Calculation Job (ACC_PLAN_CALC_<MT_ID>_<2digits>)

13. What is the purpose of master job (IUUC_MONITOR_<MT_ID>)?
Every 5 seconds, the monitoring job checks in the SAP HANA system whether there are new tasks and, if so, triggers the master control jobs. It also deletes the processed entries (tasks) from table RS_ORDER and writes statistics entries into table RS_STATUS (in the relevant schema in the SAP HANA system).

14. What is the purpose of master controller job (IUUC_REPLIC_CNTR_<MT_ID>)?
This job is scheduled on demand and is responsible for:
Creating database triggers and logging table in the source system
Creating synonyms
Writing new entries in admin tables in SLT server when a new table is loaded/replicated

15. What is the purpose of Data Load Job (DTL_MT_DATA_LOAD_<MT_ID>_<2digits>)?
This job should always be active. If the job does not complete successfully, the master controller job restarts it.
This job is responsible for:
• Loading data (load)
• Replicating data (replication)
• Changing status flag for entries in control tables in the SAP LT Replication Server

16. What is the purpose of Migration Object Definition Job (IUUC_DEF_MIG_OBJ_<2digits>)?
This job defines the migration object of a specific table (that you choose to load/replicate), which is the fundamental object for LT replication. The migration object definition should normally be quite fast for all tables.

17. What is the purpose of Access Plan Calculation Job (ACC_PLAN_CALC_<MT_ID>_<2digits>)?
This job calculates the access plan of a specific table (that you choose to load/replicate), and the access plan is used for data load or replication. The access plan is also a fundamental object for the replication. For a normal sized table, access plan calculation should finish quite quickly (less than 1 minute) while large tables might take up to several hours to finish.

18. What is the relation between the number of data transfer jobs in the configuration settings and the available BGD work processes?
Each job occupies 1 BGD work processes in SLT replication server. For each configuration, the parameter Data Transfer Jobs restricts the maximum number of data load job for each mass transfer ID (MT_ID).
A mass transfer ID requires at least 4 background jobs to be available:
One master job
One master controller job
At least one data load job
One additional job either for migration/access plan calculation/to change configuration settings in “Configuration and Monitoring Dashboard”.

19. If you set the parameter “data transfer jobs” to 04 in a configuration “SCHEMA1”, a mass transfer ID 001 is assigned. Then what jobs should be in the system?
1 Master job (IUUC_MONITOR_SCHEMA1)
1 Master Controller job (IUUC_REPL_CNTR_001_0001)
At most 4 parallel jobs for MT_ID 001 (DTL_MT_DATA_LOAD_001_ 01/~02/~03/~04)

20. What happens after the SLT replication is over?
The SLT replication server creates 1 user, 4 roles, 2 stored procedures and 8 tables.
1 User
1 Privilege
4 Roles
<REPLICATION SCHEMA>_DATA_PROV
<REPLICATION_SCHEMA>_POWER_USER
<REPLICATION_SCHEMA>_USER_ADMIN
<REPLICATION_SCHEMA>_SELECT
2 Stored procedures
RS_GRANT_ACCESS
RS_REVOKE_ACCESS
8 Tables
DD02L
DD02T
RS_LOG_FILES
RS_MESSAGES
RS_ORDER
RS_ORDER_EXT
RS_SCHEMA_MAP
RS_STATUS

21. What are the different replication scenarios?
Different replication scenarios are:
Load, Replicate, Stop, Suspend and Resume.

Load:
Starts an initial load of replication data from the source system. The procedure is a one-time event. After it is completed, further changes to the source system database will not be replicated.
 For the initial load procedure, neither database triggers nor logging tables are created in the source system. Default settings use reading type 3 (DB_SETGET) with up to 3 background jobs in parallel to load tables in parallel or subsequently into the HANA system.

Replicate:
Combines an initial load procedure and the subsequent replication procedure (real time or scheduled).
 Before the initial load procedure will start, database trigger and related logging table are created for each table in the source system as well as in SLT replication server.

Stop:
Stops any current load or replication process of a table.
 The stop function will remove the database trigger and related logging tables completely. Only use this function if you do want to continue a selected table otherwise you must initially load the table again to ensure data consistency.

Suspend:
Pauses a table from a running replication. The database trigger will not be deleted from the source system. The recording of changes will continue and related information is stored in the related logging tables in the source system.
 If you suspend tables for a long time the size of logging tables may increase and adjust the table space if required.

Resume:
Restarts the application for a suspended table. The previous suspended replication will be resumed (no new initial load required).

22. What happens if the replication is suspended for a long period of time or system outage of SLT or HANA system?
The size of the logging tables increases.

23. How to avoid unnecessary logging information from being stored?
Pause the replication by stopping the schema-related jobs.

24. Will the table size in SAP HANA database and in the source system the same?
No. As HANA database supports compression, the table size in SAP HANA may be decreased.

25. When to go for table partitioning?
If the table size in HANA database exceeds 2 billion records, split the table by using portioning features by using “Advanced replication settings” (transaction IUUC_REPL_CONT, tab page IUUC_REPL_TABSTG).

26. Where do you define transformation rules?
By using “Advanced replication settings” (transaction IUUC_REPL_CONT, tab page IUUC ASS RULE MAP)

27. Are there any special considerations if the source system is non-SAP system?
The concept of trigger-based replication is actually meant for SAP source systems. The main differences are:
There will be a database connection between non-SAP source and SLT system instead of RFC.
Source must have primary key
Tables DD02L,  DD02T which contains metadata are just initially loaded but not replicated.
The read modules reside on SLT system.
Tables with database specific formats may need transformation rules before they are replicated.
Only SAP supported databases  are supported as non-SAP source systems.

28. Does SLT for SAP HANA support data compression like SAP HANA database?
Yes, this is automatically covered by the RFC connection used for data replication from the SAP source system.

29. Will the table size in SAP HANA database and in the source system the same?
No as HANA database supports compression.

30. How can you ensure that data is consistent in source system and HANA system?
Since any changes in the source system is tracked in dedicated logging tables, the replication status for each changed data record is transparent. A entry of logging table is deleted after a successful commit statement from HANA database and this procedure ensures the data consistency between source system and HANA system.

31. What are the limitations of HANA 1.0?
Quite a few so far - it can only replicate certain data, from certain databases, in certain formats, using the Sybase Replication Server. Batch loading is done using SAP BusinessObjects Data Services 4.0 and is optimised only for SAP BusinessObjects BI 4.0 reporting.

32. What is SAP HANA 1.5, 1.2 or 1.0 SP03?
These are all the same thing, and 1.0 SP03 is touted to be the final name for what should go into RampUp (beta) in Q4 2011. This will allow any SAP NetWeaver BW 7.3 Data Warehouse to be migrated into a HANA appliance. HANA 1.0 SP03 specifically also accelerates BW calculations and planning, which means you get even more performance gains.

33. What's the difference between HANA and IMDB?
 HANA is the name for the current BI appliance (HANA 1.0) and the BW Data Warehouse appliance (HANA 1.0 SP03). Both of these use the SAP IMDB Database Technology (SAP HANA Database) as their underlying RDBMS. Expect SAP to start to differentiate this more clearly as they start to position the technology for use cases other than Analytics.

34. If I can run Net Weaver BW on IMDB/HANA, why can't I run the Business Suite/ERP 6.0?
Simply because it's not mature enough yet to support business critical applications. From a technology perspective, it is already possible to run the Business Suite on IMDB and SAP has trialled moving some large databases into IMDB already.

35. What is HANA great at?
The best thing that HANA brings to the table is the ability to aggregate large data volumes in near real-time - and to have the data updated in near real-time. SAP's demos show hundreds of billions of records of data being aggregated in a matter of seconds. SAP has built a set of Analytics Apps on top of HANA and this are set to be great point use cases to get customers up and running quickly.

36. What is HANA bad at?
There are some current issues around HANA when delivering ad-hoc analytics, especially when using the SAP Business Objects Webi tool. Essentially the problem is that you can ask computationally very difficult questions with Webi, which can cause very long response times with HANA. SAP will need to build optimization for both Webi and HANA to reduce the computational complexity of these questions, but they're not there yet.
 What's more, it's worth noting that HANA 1.0 is not a Data Warehouse and it is more of a Data Mart - that is, suited to point applications where there is a clear use case.

37. What does HANA cost?
SAP hasn't entirely confirmed HANA licensing costs but the hardware is somewhere around $1-200k per TB. Add to this licensing cost which are still being made on a per-customer basis.

38. Why is HANA so fast?
Regular RDBMS technologies put the information on spinning plates of iron (hard disks) from which the information is retrieved. HANA stores information in electronic memory, which is some 50x faster (depending on how you calculate). HANA stores a copy on magnetic disk, in case of power failure or the like. In addition, most SAP systems have the database on one system and a calculation engine on another, and they pass information between them. With HANA, this all happens within the same machine.

39. Does HANA/IMDB replace Oracle?
It's the elephant in the room, but once the Business Suite runs on IMDB, Oracle won't be needed any more by SAP customers who purchase HANA. This doesn't affect anything in the short term because those people buying HANA today will still need an Oracle ERP system.

40. What is this about 10:1 compression with HANA compared to Oracle?
A typical uncompressed Oracle or Microsoft SQL Server database, when put into HANA, will be 10x smaller than before and this is due to the way that HANA stores information in a compressed format. Note that most databases are now compressed and these numbers may not fit your scenario, and to add to this you need 2x the RAM as your database, plus room for growth. HANA sizing is still a dark art.

41. You mean I have to buy a HANA only 2.5x smaller than my big Oracle RDBMS? What about archiving and data ageing?
Yes, in some instances you may have to buy a HANA appliance that is only 2.5x smaller than it would be under Oracle. And data ageing isn't part of the 1.0 release, but SAP is certainly working on it pretty hard. Let's hope they release something faster than you need to buy a bigger HANA appliance!

42. What's the wider market opportunity for IMDB?
This is the interesting thing - no one knows yet, and few analysts seem to have cottoned on that the wider market opportunity might be huge. Think not just SAP applications but any third party that requires ultra-high speed. Think not just an appliance but a development platform. Time will tell.

43. What hardware is supported right now?
Talk to your hardware vendor - all of the major vendors e.g. HP, IBM, Dell, have HANA offerings now. Technically HANA will run on any Intel x64 based system from your laptop through to the big 40-core, 2TB RAM servers. It is however only supported on a small number of big rack-mount servers like the Dell R910 and HP DL980.

44. Why doesn't HANA run on blades?
It's unclear but probably because the blades don't yet offer the same performance. HANA is optimized for the Intel X7560 CPU and will run fastest on this. And for instance, the Dell M910 blade can only run 2x X7650 CPUs and 512 GB RAM in this configuration, which probably explains the limitations. What's certain is that HANA will eventually run on blades - it's born to run on blade technology!

45. Does SAP make their own IMDB/HANA hardware?
Yes, but only in the labs so far. There are no public plans to compete against IBM/HP/Dell in this space, but it may make sense for SAP to enter the appliance market, especially in the context of Data Centres and even more so in the context of the SAP Business by Design cloud offering, which will run on IMDB.

46. How big does HANA scale?
Theoretically at least - very well. The biggest single-server HANA hardware will run most mid-size workloads - 2TB of in-memory storage is equivalent to 5-20TB of Oracle storage. The way that HANA works means that it is possible to chain multiple systems together - meaning that scalability has thus-far been determined by the size of customers' wallets. Do note that whilst SAP talk up "Big Data" quite a lot, HANA currently only scales to the small-end of Big Data, which refers to the kind of huge datasets that Face Book or Google have to store - not Terabytes, but rather Peta bytes.

47. What storage subsystem does HANA use?
 This varies from vendor to vendor but it is shared network attached storage (NAS). Both regular magnetic disks and SSD storage can be used for the backup of the database (HANA runs in memory remember, so disk storage is just for backup, and later, for data ageing). Note that you require 2x storage that you have RAM, which is 2x the database size - i.e. storage size = 4x database size. In most cases there is additional ultra-high speed SSD storage for log files.

48. What source databases does HANA support in real-time?
If you use Sybase Replication Server (SRS) for near real-time data then you need to watch out for licensing still (SAP have license deals pending). If you run DB2 then you're fine but with Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server there are some license challenges if you buy your license through SAP, because you may have a limited license that does not allow extraction. Talk to SAP for further information on this.

49. What source databases does HANA support for batch loads?
If you use SAP Business Objects Data Services 4.0 for bulk loads then pretty much anything. BO-DS is a very flexible Extract, Transform & Load tool that supports many databases - check out the specs for more details.

50. What additional limitations does Sybase Replication Server present?
SRS has additional restrictions which are worth bearing on mind. It can only replicate Unicode data and does not support IBM DB2 compressed tables.

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